Halloween, or Hallowe'en, a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31, is a mix of ancient Celtic practices, Catholic and Roman religious rituals and European folk traditions that blended together over time to create the holiday we know today.

万圣节前夜（每年10月31日），在其形成过程中逐渐融合了凯尔特习俗、天主教仪式和欧洲民间传统，最终形成了我们今天所见的这样一个节日。

Ancient

远古时期

Shades: Throughout ancient history, Shades meant the spirit of a dead person, residing in the underworld.

幽灵：远古时期，人们认为幽灵是生活在地下世界的死者的灵魂。

Carving gourds into elaborately decorated lanterns dates back thousands of years to Africa.

将葫芦精雕细刻、做成灯笼的习俗可追溯到几千年前的非洲。

800-450 B.C.

公元前800-450年

The ancient Celts believed that wearing masks would ward offevil spirits.

古凯尔特人相信戴上面具可以避开邪灵。

Pre-1st Century

1世纪前

Samhain: The Festival of Samhain is a celebration of the end of the Gaelic harvest season.

死神节：盖尔人（苏格兰和爱尔兰的凯尔特人）庆祝丰收季节结束的节日。

1st Century

1世纪

Gaels believed that the border between this world and the otherworld became thin on Sambain; because animals and plants were dying, it allowed the dead to reach back through the veilthat separated them from the living.

盖尔人相信，在死神节，现世与冥界的边界会逐渐消失。动物和植物纷纷死去，而死者将穿过把他们同生者隔开的幕布重回世间。

Bonfires played a major role in the Festival of Samhain. Celebrants wore costumes, mostly skins and animal heads, and danced around bonfires.

篝火对于死神节来说是必不可少的。参加庆典的人们穿上动物的皮毛和头颅做成的服装，围着篝火舞蹈。

By A.D. 43, Romans had conquered much of Celtic territory. Two Roman festivals were combined with the Celtic celebration of Samhain: Feralia, a day in late October when Romans commemorated the passing of the dead, and a day to honor Pomona, Roman goddess of fruit and trees.

公元43年，罗马人占领了凯尔特人的大部分领土，并将两个罗马节日与死神节的传统结合起来：一个是纪念死者的Feralia节（十月末的一天），另一个是纪念罗马的果树女神Pomona的节日。

Werewolf: The original werewolf of classical mythology, Lycaon, a king of Arcadia who, according to Ovid's Metamorphoses, was turned into a ravenouswolf by Zeus. Possibly the source of the term lycanthropy.

狼人：古罗马诗人奥维德在他的《变形记》中描绘了古典神话中狼人的原型——阿卡迪亚王吕卡翁，由于触怒天神宙斯而被变成了一匹狼。也许“变狼妄想狂”一词就是来源于这个故事。

3rd Century

3世纪

In the Roman Catholic church, a commemoration of "All Martyrs" was celebrated between mid April and early May.

在每年四月中旬到五月初这段时间，罗马天主教会庆祝一个名为“众殉道者节”的纪念性节日。

7th Century

7世纪

The festival of All Siants dates to May 13 in 609 or 610, when Pope Boniface IV consecratedthe Pantheon at Rome.

公元609或610年，教皇卜尼法斯四世为罗马万神殿祝圣，并将5月13日定为“众圣人节”。

This date was an ancient pegan observation, the end of the Feast of the Lemures, in which the evil and restless spirits of all the dead were appeased.

这一节期原本是古老的异教节日——勒姆瑞斯（夜游魂）节的末尾，在这一节日期间人们试图安抚那些邪恶且永不安宁的亡魂。

8th Century

8世纪

Pope Gregory III designatedNovember 1st All Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs.

教皇格列高利三世将每年11月1日定为“众圣人节”，以此纪念圣人和殉道者。

Many believe the pope was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday.

人们相信，教皇此举是为了用一个教会认可的节日来替代凯尔特的亡者之节日。

Saint Boniface declared that belief in the existence of witches was un-Christian.

圣卜尼法斯（680-754，本笃会修士，美因茨大主教）宣布，相信女巫的存在是不合基督教教义的。

10th Century

10世纪

The Catholic church made November 2nd All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead.

天主教会将每年11月2日定为“万灵节”，以纪念死者。

The three Catholic celebrations, the eve of All Saints', All Saints', and All Souls', were called Hallowmas.

至此，天主教的三大节日——众圣人节前夜，众圣人节，万灵节，被统称为“Hallowmas”（即“万圣节”之意）。

Middle Ages

中世纪

Carved turnips in Ireland and Scotland are used as candle lanterns in windows to ward off harmful spirits.

在爱尔兰和苏格兰，人们将芜菁（形似萝卜）雕刻成灯笼放在窗台上，以此抵挡邪灵。

Soul cakes, often simply referred to as souls, were given out to soulers (mainly consisting of children and the poor) who would go from door to door on Hallowmas singing and saying prayers for the dead. Each cake eaten would represent a soul being freed from Purgatory.

另一项传统习俗涉及“灵魂饼”：在万圣节期间，小孩和穷人会挨家挨户地唱歌并为死者祈祷，人们则给他们一种被称作“灵魂饼”的点心作为报酬。据说每吃掉一个“灵魂饼”，就会有一个灵魂被从炼狱中拯救出来。

14th Century

14世纪

Witch-hunts first appeared in large numbers in southern France and Switzerland.

在法国南部和瑞士，大规模搜捕女巫的行动开始出现。

Many believed that witches avoided detection by turning themselves into cats.

人们相信，女巫为了躲避抓捕会变形成猫。

15th Century

15世纪

Count Dracula Vlad III the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (1431-1476)

吸血鬼德拉库拉的原型——伯爵德拉库拉·弗拉德三世，人称“穿刺者”，生于1431年，卒于1476年。

16th Century

16世纪

"Halloween" was officially attested as part of the English language.

“Halloween”（万圣节前夜）一词正式见于英语语言。

17th Century

17世纪

Salem witch trials (1692-1693)

著名的Salem女巫审判发生在1692到1693年，约有上百人被捕，数十人被判有罪，十几人被处死。

18th Century

18世纪

18th century literature popularized Samhain as "Celtic New Year."

在18世纪的文学作品中，死神节被描绘为“凯尔特的新年”。

Vampire:First known use of the word "vampire" in 1734.

吸血鬼：“吸血鬼”一词的首次使用是在1734年。

19th Century

19世纪

Children disguised in costumes going door to door for food and coins was traditional at Halloween in Scotland and Ireland.

在苏格兰和爱尔兰，孩子们会在万圣节前夜打扮成精灵和鬼怪的样子，挨家挨户讨要食物和硬币。

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein novel (1818)

玛丽·雪莱的小说《弗兰肯斯坦》发表于1818年。

Jane C. Loudon's The Mummy novel (1827)Jane C. Loudon

的小说《木乃伊》发表于1927年。

In 1846, the Irish Potato Famine brings Irish Catholics to America, along with their Halloween traditions.

1846年，爱尔兰大饥荒爆发，许多爱尔兰天主教徒来到了美国，并带来了他们的万圣节传统。

Jack-o-lantern: First associated with Halloween in 1866.

南瓜灯：1866年，南瓜灯第一次与万圣节前夜联系在一起。

Bram Stoker's Dracula novel (1897)

布拉姆·斯托克的小说《吸血鬼德拉库拉》发表于1897年。

20th Century

20世纪

Candied Apple was invented by William W. Kolb in 1908.

1908年，William W. Kolb发明了焦糖苹果。

The Book of Hallowe'en by Ruth Edna Kelley (1919)

Ruth Edna Kelley的《万圣节前夜之书》出版于1919年，这是第一本讲述万圣节历史的著作。

Bela Lugosi stars in Dracula (1931)

电影版《吸血鬼德拉库拉》于1931年上映，由匈牙利演员Bela Lugosi主演。

Boris Karloff stars in Frankenstein (1931)

电影版《弗兰肯斯坦》于1931年上映，由英国演员鲍里斯·卡洛夫主演。

Boris Karloff stars in The Mummy (1932)

电影版《木乃伊》于1932年上映，由英国演员鲍里斯·卡洛夫主演。

The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" (1934)

1934年，“trick or treat”（不请吃就捣蛋）最早见于印刷品中。

Halloween movie (1978)

经典恐怖电影《月光光心慌慌》于1978年上映。

Present

现在

Halloween is estimated as a $6.9 billion dollar industry.

如今，万圣节前夜每年能创造约69亿美元的经济效益，俨然成为了一项产业