Understanding mixing in the ocean is of fundamental importance to modeling climate change or predicting the effects of an El Niño（厄尔尼诺海流） on our weather. Modern ocean models primarily incorporate the effects of winds and tides. However, they do not generally take into account the mixing generated by swimming animals. More than 60 years ago, oceanographers predicted that the effect of swimming animals could be profound（深奥的，深厚的）. Accounting for this effort has proven difficult, though, so it has not entered into today's models.

Now Kakani Katija and John Dabiri at the California Institute of Technology have developed a way to estimate the extent of "biogenic（由生物活动产生的）" mixing. After conducting field measurements on swimming jellyfish（水母，海蜇）, they built models of how animals mix the waters ocean-wide and concluded that the effect may be extensive.

"Swimming animals may contribute to ocean mixing on the same level as winds and tides," says Katija. "This necessitates（迫使，需要） the inclusion（包含） of biogenic mixing sources in ocean circulation（海洋环流） and global climate models."

Katija will present these findings this month at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society's (APS) Division of Fluid Dynamics will take place from November 22-24 at the Minneapolis Convention Center.

Most of this mixing is due to the displacement created by the movement of animal bodies through the water -- rather than by the turbulence（喧嚣，狂暴） that is stirred up（搅拌，激起） by fish as they swim. This displacement is found to depend primarily on the shape of the animal rather than the dynamics（力学，动力学） of the animal's swimming motion.

Moreover, says Katija, only a small part of the mixing comes from the mighty creatures that inhabit the deep. Most of it is due to meeker, but much more plentiful, animals -- the tiny krill（磷虾）, copepods（桡足类）, and other small critters（动物，生物） that make up the vast majority of organisms swimming in the ocean.