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Four Famous Dan Actors 四大名旦
Stage Props in Peking Opera 京剧道具
Types of Facial Make-up in Beijing Opera 京剧脸谱
Roles in Beijing Opera 京剧的角色
Xipi and Erhuang 西皮和二簧
Wenchang and Wuchang 文场和武场
Piao You and Xia Hai 票友和下海
Longtao and Figurant "龙套”和 “跑龙套”
Qiba “起霸”
Liangxiang “亮相”
In 1927, an open selection of the top Dan actors, sponsored by the Shuntian Times newspaper, was launched. As a result, Mei Lanfang (1894-1961), Shang Xiaoyun (1900-1976), Cheng Yanqiu and Xun Huisheng (1900-1968) were the most outstanding in the selection, and were named the four most famous Dan actors of Peking Opera at this time, each having his own unique characteristics in regard to action, expression and music. In addition, each had his own special repertoire, and these have been handed down from generation to generation. Eventually, they formed the four main schools of Peking Opera.
Later, groups of excellent young actors were active on the opera stages, among whom the most famous were: Li Shifang, Zhang Junqiu, Mao Shilai and Song Dezhu, selected by the Liyan Newspaper. Each of the four had his own special repertoire, and their wonderful performances were well received by the mass. Eventually, they were recognized as the four sub-leading Dan actors of Peking Opera.
China entered the modern era amidst turbulence and change in the 20th century. The Revolution of 1911 put an end to the 2,000-year rule of the feudal dynasties. Thus there was a spate of famous actors and actresses and schools of Peking Opera in the early decades of this century.
二十世纪20年代年京剧旦行先后成名的四位有代表性的演员：梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生。
四大名旦在艺术上不断进取，表演、唱腔精益求精，各有独门剧目，蔚成流派。
四小名旦 继“四大名旦”以后，二十世纪30年代又有一批旦行演员脱颖而出。
1940年，北京《立言报》邀请李世芳、张君秋、毛世来、宋德珠四人合作，在北京新新大戏院演出两场《白蛇传》，四个人分演自己擅长的一折戏，各展所长，社会影响强烈。从此即被公认为四小名旦。
As mentioned earlier, specific types of facial make-up in Beijing Opera are put on the actors' faces to symbolize the personalities, characteristics, and fates of the roles.
Usually, red faces have positive meanings, symbolizing brave, faithful, and wise men. Another positive color is purple, which signifies wisdom and bravery.
Black faces, for their part, usually have neutral meanings, symbolizing just brave men; however, they can also represent uprightness.
Blue and green faces also have neutral meanings that symbolize the hero of the bush, with the former also hinting at strength and intrepidity.
Meanwhile, yellow and white faces have negative meanings that symbolize ferocious, treacherous, and crafty men.
Finally, gold and silver faces symbolize mysteriousness, and stand for monsters or gods.
京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。
京剧脸谱，是根据某种性格、性情或某种特殊类型的人物为采用某些色彩的。红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈，如关羽、妾维、常遇春；黑色的脸谱表示刚烈、正直、勇猛甚至鲁莽，如包拯、张飞、李逵等；黄色的脸谱表示凶狠残暴，如宇文成都、典韦。蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些粗豪暴躁的人物，如窦尔敦、马武等；白色的脸谱一般表示奸臣、坏人，如曹操、赵高等。
京剧脸谱的色画方法，基本上分为三类：揉脸、抹脸、勾脸。脸谱最初的作用，只是夸大剧中角色的五官部位和面部的纹理，用夸张的手法表现剧中人的性格、心理和生理上的特征，以此来为整个戏剧的情节服务，可是发展到后来，脸谱由简到繁、由粗到细、由表及里、由浅到深，本身就逐渐成为一种具有民族特色的、以人的面部为表现手段的图案艺术了。
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