四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)

　　所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如：At the age of ten， my grandfather died. 这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“ 谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather， 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。

　　改为：

　　When I was ten， my grandfather died.

　　例1. To do well in college， good grades are essential.

　　剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。

　　改为：

　　To do well in college， a student needs good grades.

　　五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

　　“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。

　　例1. None can negative the importance of money.

　　剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。

　　改为：

　　None can deny the importance of money.

　　六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

　　指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：

　　Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

　　(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

　　读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：

　　Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

　　例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

　　剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：

　　We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

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