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综合英语语法复习指南

作者:stephen    文章来源:方向标英语网    点击数:    更新时间:2009-3-25 【我来说两句


时态与语态
1. 时态
  现在完成时表示过去某时开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到现在,表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况。常用状语 just, since, for, already, yet, ever, never, often,  several times, lately, recently, during the last week, so far, up to now(the present) 等,由 since 引起短语(或从句)的句子里,主句的谓语应用完成时;若 since 引起一个从句,从句谓语可用过去时(表示行为的起点)。只有在 “it is ……since” 的句型中,主句才可用也可不用完成时。例如:
  Japanese is certainly difficult for me as I have never learned it before.
  We are living a hard life because Father has been unemployed for half a year.
  I have planted thirty trees since I moved here.
  现在完成时与过去时的比较:现在完成时表示某一动作一直延续到现在或已经完成,强调结果;而过去时表示发生在过去的动作,强调过去的动作。例如:
  He has read the book for two hours.( 强调动作的持续 )
  He has read the book.(强调动作的完成)
  He read the book last night. (强调过去的动作,有过去时间状语)
  过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作。例如:
  I still remember last summer vacation spent in Paris. That was the first time I had ever been to Europe.
  Since he had eaten before he came to the party, he refused the hostess ' s offer of a cake.
  将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作,分为一般将来完成时和过去将来完成时。常用 by the time, at the end of 来引起。例如:
  The debate will have begun by the time our English teacher arrives.
  Tonny bad thought the train would have left by the time he got to the station.
  At the end of next month, I will have finished this work.
  现在完成进行时强调过去发生的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束,或动作仍在进行中。过去完成进行时表示动作延续到某一时间刚结束,或仍在进行。例如:
  Eventually, I received the letter that I had been expecting for a long time.
  When she retires, Mrs.Jones will have been teaching here for over thirty years, but her classes are never dull.
2. 语态
  英语分为主动词态和被动词态。主动语态是指句中的主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。英语中只有及物动词、动词短词和某些成语才能构成被动语态。被动语态的构成形式为 “be+ 动词的 -ed 分词 ” 。另外, “be+get+ 动词 -ed 分词 ” 是特殊形式。
  1 )动词的被动语态有以下几种时态的变化(以 find 为例:)
   现在时: is (are)found      将来时: shall (will)be found      现在进行时: is (are)being found
     现在完成时: have (has)been found      将来完成时: shall (will)have been found      过去时: was (were)found
     过去将来时: should (would)be found      过去进行时: was (were)being found      过去完成时: had been found      过去将来完成时: should (would)have been found
     例:     Mineral water has been regarded by all people as a healthy drink.
    The program bad been conducted in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.
    2 )能作及物动词的短语动词也可用被动态,应注意其固定搭配。例如:
    The problem will be taken care of as soon as possible.
    Although the mission was to be kept a secret, it was revealed to the press.
    3 )表示状态或特征的及物动词,如 :contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit 等;不及物动词及动词短语,如: result from, belong to, consist of 等,不能用被动态。例如:
    The magazine that I bought the day before yesterday costs me twenty and a half yuan.
    Some critics maintain that when a work of literature lacks reference to the general experience of mankind, it fails as art.

 

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