b ） make, get, have, keep 等表示 “ 致使 ” 意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。
     例如：
    I have my clothes washed everyday.
    Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in the class.
    He's trying to make himself understood.
    Please keep us informed of the latest price.
    c)like, want, wish, order 等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：
    We don't like such topic(to be)discussed in class.
    I wish this problem(to be)solved this week.
    4) 作状语
     用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语，前边往往可以加 when, while, if, as if, though 。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如：
    Whenever praised, she blushes. （作时间状语）
    =Whenever she is praised, she blushes.
    United, we stand; divided, we fall. （作条件状语）
    =If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.
    Written in great haste, this book is full of errors. （作原因状语）
    =Because this book in written in great haste, it is full of errors.
    Mary was reading a love story, and was completely lost to the romantic life. （作让步状语）
    =Mary was reading a love story, and was completely lost to the romantic life.
    Although born in Germany, John lives and works in U.S.A 。（作让步状语）
    =Although John was born in Germany, he lives and works in U.S.A 。

    3. 分词的完成式及被动式
     前面提到过，过去分词只有一种形式，所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。
     如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如：
    Living in the downtown, we found a lot of amusements.
     如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用现在分词的完成式 “(not)having+ 过去分词 ” 。例如：
    Having heard from my father, I was relieved.
    Not having received any letter from my family, I was worried.
     如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的对象，则要用现在分词的被动形式，包括其一般形式 “（ not ） being+ 过去分词 ” 和其完成形式 “ （ not ） having been+ 过去分词 ” 。例如：
    Upon being questioned, he denied having robbed the bank.
    The new method, having been widely used abroad, can increase the working efficiency.
    4. 分词独立结构
     如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语，这就构成了独立结构，也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构，通常在句中起状语从句的作用，表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。

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