4 ）作状语
     现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如：
    Rushing out of the room, he has knocked down by a car. （作时间状语）
    =When he rushed out of the room, he was knocked down by a car.
    Working harder, you will pass the entrance exam. （作条件状语）
    =If you work harder, you will pass the entrance exam.
    She sat at a window and read a book. （作伴随状语）
    =She sat at a window and read a book.
    Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars. （作原因状语）
    =Because he had won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.
    Even if taking a taxi, I will still be late for the meeting. （作让步状语）
    =Even if I take a taxi, I will still be late for the meeting.
    The road is under construction, thus causing the delay. （作结果状语）
    =The road is under construction, and thus caused the delay.
     注意，当现在分词作让步状语时，一般放在句首，常常由 although, though, even if , unless 等连词引入；作结果状语时，一般放在句末，前面可 so, thus, hence ， thereby 等副词。
     过去分词的基本用法：
     与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，只有一种形式。
    1 ）作表语
     过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如 go, come, assemble 等，它们用在联系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如：
    The man looked quite disappointed.
    He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.
    His hair is nearly all gone.
     已经形容化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有 accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, excited, frightened, hurt, interested, lost, satisfied, surprised, worried 等。
    2 ）作定语
    a ）用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。例如：
    We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.
    =We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.
    How many finished products have you got up to now?
    =How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?
     来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义：
    a retired worker=a worker who has retired
    an escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped
    a faded/withered flower=a flower that has faded/withered
    fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen
    the risen sun=the sun that has just risen
    a returned student=a student who has returned
    vanished treasure=treasure that has vanished
    b) 用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这相当于一个定语从句。例如：
     Things seen are better than things heard.
    =Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.
    The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.
    =The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.
    3 ）作宾语补足语
    a ） see hear, feel, find, think 等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾
     语补足语。例如：
    Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation.
    I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street.
    Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.

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