动名词
1. 动名词的形式
　　动名词是由动词原形 +-ing 构成（如 writing) ，有完成时态和被动语态（如 having written, being written) 。
2. 动名词的用法
　　动名词通常在句中作主语和宾语。
　　1 ）动名词作主语
　　Going to the college is the little boy's dream.
　　Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam.
　　2 ）动名词作宾语
　　有些动词后面只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。此类动词常见的有： admit, acknowledge, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider ,contemplate,  defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike ,ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favour, finish, forbid, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resent, resist, risk, suggest, quit, worth 等。例如：
　　John was considering buying a new car.
　　I hope you didn't contemplate coming with us on this trip.
　　The witness denied having seen the accused man.
　　I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.
　　3) 某些短语后面只能接动名词，不能接不定式。
　　此类短语常见的有： be(get)used to be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to, be busy, be committed to, be subject to, cannot help, cannot resist, cannot stand, confess to, feel like, give up, have trouble(in), have difficulty(in), have a good/have time(in), have fun(in), have an objection to, it is no good/use, keep on, insist on, look forward to, object to , pay attention to, put off, resort to, succeed in 等。例如：
    I cannot stand getting up early in the morning.
    I have no difficulty(in) reaching the top of the mountain.
     There is no use staying on.
    I cannot resist (his)bargaining.
    Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students' being late for his lecture.
    4 ）动词或短语后面也可以接动名词的被动形式。用主动形式还是被动形式，要根据包子的意思而定。例如：
    Carlos just missed being caught.
    That person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized.
    I object to being treated like a child.
    3. 另一类动词后面可以带动名词作宾语，也可以带不定式作宾语。这类动词又可以分为两种：
    1 ）带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义无多大区别的动词
    a ）在 begin, cannot bear, cease, continue, dread, like, love, neglect, omit, propose 等动词之后，如表示一般的行为，用动名词作宾语为多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则不定式结构作宾语为多。例如：
    I don't like swimming.
    I don't like to swim this afternoon.
    John prefers doing it his way.
    John prefers to go outing tomorrow.
    b ）在 begin, start 等动词之后，如表示有意的动作，用动名词结构为多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则用不定式结构作宾语为多。例如：
    After some hesitation, he began speaking out his own opinion.
    It has already begun to rain.
    c ）在 attempt, intend, plan 等动词之后，用不定式结构与动名词结构意义相同，但以用不定式较为常见。例如：
    He intended to buy a new car.
    He intended travelling abroad next summer.

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